it is increasingly important to understand how this is related to youths’ feelings of support from their JPOs, which research links to better probation outcomes.

The 8th Amendment protects people from cruel and unusual punishment. This protection is meant to ensure that no person is overly punished for the crimes they were sentenced for. But in all actuality, what determines a punishment to be cruel?

With youth specifically, there are questions about both comprehension of their rights and ability to protect such rights during interrogations.